| Solar panel | Solar panel are devices that change sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. They are an environmentally friendly and alternative energy source, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar collector is a device that absorbs sunlight to generate heat, typically used for hot water production or space heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sunlight to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating systems, space warming, or electricity production. It is a green and sustainable technology that reduces dependence on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a beautiful seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic and historic-influenced nation in the UK known for its rich cultural legacy, notable attractions, and bustling cities like London. It boasts a diverse terrain of rolling hills, old castles, and lively city hubs that blend tradition with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the organic light emitted by the star, vital for living organisms on Earth as it provides energy for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a form of power resulting from the flow of ions, primarily negatively charged particles. It drives countless appliances and networks, enabling today’s lifestyle and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a reversed electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the single-direction movement of electric charge, generally produced by battteries, electrical sources, and solar panels. It provides a steady voltage or current, causing it necessary for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a instrument that stores chemical energy and converts it into electrical energy to power various digital equipment. It comprises several electrochemical units, each containing electrode pairs separated by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An solar power system converts sunlight immediately into power using solar panels composed of solar cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy solution that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes sustainable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a device that converts direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) fit for home use and grid connection. It plays a crucial role in enhancing energy performance and guaranteeing reliable, consistent electricity delivery from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that flips direction regularly, usually used in home and industrial power supplies. It permits optimal transmission of electricity over great lengths and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that manages the voltage level and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and damage. It guarantees efficient energy transfer and prolongs the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a instrument used to measure the dimension, quantity, or degree of something accurately. It includes tools like rulers, climate gauges, and pressure gauges that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a mechanism that automatically adjusts its orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement throughout the day, enhancing energy absorption. This technology improves the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are massive plants that harness sunlight to generate electricity using many solar panels. They offer a renewable and renewable energy source, decreasing reliance on carbon-based fuels and decreasing pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves placing photovoltaic cells on roofs of buildings to produce electricity from sunlight. This renewable energy source helps cut down on reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-connected photovoltaic system converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A space-based solar power system is an artificial satellite equipped with solar panels that gather solar radiation and transform into electrical energy. This energy is then beamed to the planet's surface for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems save excess electricity generated from green sources or the grid for later use, boosting energy independence and effectiveness. These solutions commonly employ batteries to deliver backup power, cut down energy expenses, and aid grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The timeline of photovoltaic cells chronicles the development and innovations in photovoltaic technology from the beginning invention of the photovoltaic effect to contemporary advanced solar arrays. It highlights significant innovations, including the creation of the original silicon solar cell in 1954 and persistent developments that have significantly improved power transformation and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French-born scientist noted for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photoelectric effect and luminescence. His experiments laid the foundation for comprehending how light interacts with specific media to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrical engineer and researcher known for finding out the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His work laid the foundation for the creation of the photo-sensitive device and progress in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an free framework used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and browsers, making it a flexible tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an American innovator who invented the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work laid the groundwork for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-powered power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce steam that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductor. His work formed the basis of modern solar power technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a famous R&D entity traditionally associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in communications, computing, and materials research. It has been the origin of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, widely known for its essential role in the production of electronic components and solar modules. It is a hard, brittle crystal substance with a blue-grey shine, mainly utilized as a electronic component in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a compact unit installed on each photovoltaic panel to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This method increases system efficiency, enables improved performance monitoring, and improves energy yield in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A photovoltaic cell is a device that turns sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect. It is commonly used in solar panels to provide a green and eco-friendly energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that offers eco-friendly power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon serves as a basic particle which represents a quantum of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum without possessing rest mass. It serves a crucial role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the mechanism by which specific substances turn sunlight straight into electricity through the production of charge carriers. This effect is the fundamental principle behind photovoltaic technology, enabling the capturing of solar sunlight for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electronics is a fine slice of semiconductor material, usually silicon, used as the foundation for creating integrated circuits. It functions as the main platform where microprocessors are built through processes like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic systems due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its organized, neat crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of solar power system characterized by their light, bendable structure, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a lower cost. They use layers of semiconductor materials a few micrometers thick to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the mass of structural elements and permanent equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as users, fixtures, and environmental factors. Both are important considerations in building planning to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components sequentially, so the identical current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components between the identical voltage source, allowing multiple paths for current. These arrangements influence the circuit's overall resistance, current distribution, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification is the velocity at which electric power flows by an electrical circuit, primarily for running devices and appliances. Produced through multiple sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear, and renewable energy, and is essential for contemporary living. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a standard of energy conversion in the International System of Units, showing the speed of energy transfer or conversion. It is the same as one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic voltage difference between two points, which causes the flow of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in V and represents the power per single charge accessible to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A voltage is the derived unit of voltage, voltage difference, and voltage in the SI system. It measures the potential energy per coulomb between points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the movement of electrical charge through a conductor wire, typically measured in amperes. It is crucial for energizing electronic equipment and allowing the operation of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp serves as the measure of electric current in the SI units, represented by A. It quantifies the flow of electric charge through a conductor over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and Electrical load in a circuit. It influences the layout and power of power systems to maintain safe and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical enclosure used to securely contain wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a secure and dependable manner. It features a clip-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a easy and consistent method of delivering electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is often used for powering and energizing a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a instrument that converts DC from inputs like cells or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for household appliances. It permits the operation of standard electrical devices in environments where only DC power is available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack is a collection of multiple individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for multiple devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically align the orientation of solar modules to track the solar trajectory throughout the day, enhancing solar energy capture. This system increases the effectiveness of solar energy collection by maintaining optimal solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to optimize the power generation of photovoltaic systems by regularly modifying the performance point to correspond to the optimal power point of the photovoltaic modules. This process provides the most efficient power harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a instrument that observes and evaluates the performance of solar power systems in instantaneous, offering valuable data on power output and system health. It assists maximize solar energy output by spotting faults early and ensuring highest performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are flexible, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the solar energy conversion process, making them a sustainable energy source. They are commonly used in photovoltaic modules to power homes, appliances, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of countless minute silicon crystal structures, typically used in solar panels and chip fabrication. Its manufacturing process involves fusing and restructuring silicon to create a ultra-pure, polycrystalline structure fit for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a ultra-pure type of silicon with a continuous lattice arrangement, making it extremely capable for use in photovoltaic modules and electronics. Its uniform formation allows for enhanced electron flow, resulting in superior functionality compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics represent a type of thin film solar technology that presents a economical and effective option for large-scale solar energy harvesting. They are known as their high absorption performance and relatively low manufacturing fees in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are flexible solar devices that use a multi-layered material of Cu, In, gallium, and selenium to turn sunlight into energy efficiently. They are noted for their high light capturing performance, bendability, and possibility for lightweight, affordable solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Non-crystalline silicon is a amorphous atomic structure, making it easier to handle and easier to deposit than structured silicon. It is frequently used in solar panels and electronic devices due to its cost-effectiveness and versatile features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic cells aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and new techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, lowering costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar cells are advanced photovoltaic modules that utilize several p-n connections arranged in unison to collect a wider spectrum of the solar spectrum, substantially increasing their efficiency. They are mainly used in space missions and high-performance solar power systems due to their excellent energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft serve as crucial elements that convert solar radiation into electricity to operate onboard systems. Generally lightweight, durable, and designed to operate efficiently in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metal and a non-metal, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound-based semiconductor recognized for its high electron mobility and effectiveness in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV utilize optics or reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-band solar cells, significantly increasing energy conversion efficiency. This technology is suitable for massive solar power plants in areas with sunny sunlight, providing a affordable approach for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and flexible form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS solar cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of CuInGaSe2 as the photovoltaic material, known for high efficiency and adaptability. They offer a easy-to-handle, budget-friendly alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with reliable operation in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a fine layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in various technological fields. These layers are vital in electronics, optics, and coatings for their particular physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a eco-friendly and cost-effective energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a layer of substance covering tiny nanometric scales to a few microns in depth, often coated on surfaces for functional purposes. These layers are used in multiple sectors, including electronic devices, optics, and healthcare, to modify surface characteristics or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are measurement equal to one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to depict minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are accurate devices used to accurately measure tiny gaps or depths, generally in machining and production. They feature a calibrated screw mechanism that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon substrate is a thin, round slice of silicon crystal used as the base for constructing semiconductor devices. It acts as the core material in the fabrication of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are thin-film solar modules recognized for their excellent performance and flexibility, ideal for diverse applications. They utilize a layered semiconductor structure that turns sunlight straight into electricity with excellent performance in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon is a type of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is known for being cost-effective and having a comparatively high efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert solar energy directly into energy using photovoltaic cells, offering a renewable energy source for home, commercial, and grid applications. They provide a clean, renewable, and cost-effective way to cut down reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that converts sunlight into power using a photosensitive dye to capture light and produce electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and adaptable alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for see-through and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and energy conversion through quantum confinement effects. This approach offers the possibility for lower-cost, bendable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photovoltaic units that utilize carbon-based molecules, to convert solar radiation into electrical power. They are compact, pliable, and offer the potential for cost-effective, large-area solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a potential electronic compound used in laminate solar cells due to its plentiful and non-toxic elements. Its superior optoelectronic properties make it an appealing alternative for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of building materials, such as rooftops, facades, and windows. This cutting-edge approach enhances power savings while maintaining visual attractiveness and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to penetrate a material bearing minimal distortion, allowing objects behind to be seen clearly. Translucency allows light to spread through, obscuring detailed visibility but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window tinting involves applying a transparent film to the inside or outside of automobiles or edifices windows to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It improves privacy, increases energy efficiency, and provides a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of photovoltaic power stations overview various large-scale solar energy installations around the globe, highlighting their power and sites. These plants play a important role in renewable energy production and international efforts to lower carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are massive installations that convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. They are essential in sustainable power creation, cutting dependence on coal and oil, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of problems such as pollution, climate change, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collaborative action to promote green approaches and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are constantly replenished, such as sunlight, wind, and hydropower. It offers a sustainable solution to traditional fuels, reducing environmental impact and supporting lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as lignite, oil, and methane, are finite resources formed over geological eras and are exhausted when used. They are the primary fuels for electricity generation and vehicle operation but pose environmental and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various power sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and green energy into electrical power. This process usually takes place in power plants where turbines and generators work together to produce electricity for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, harmful elements such as plumbum, Hg, metallic cadmium, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness assesses how effectively a solar cell transforms sunlight into usable electrical energy. Boosting this efficiency is crucial for maximizing renewable energy output and decreasing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when light shining on a metallic surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle-like behavior of light. This event provided key evidence for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that light energy is quantized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves exposing products to elevated stresses to rapidly assess their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar energy systems has accelerated rapidly over the past decade, driven by technological advancements and reducing prices. This expansion is changing the international energy scene by boosting the percentage of renewable solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power plants designed to generate electricity on a business scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover large areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a transparent device that bends light to focus or separate rays, creating images. It is frequently used in instruments like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an approaching light ray and the perpendicular line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light interacts with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a delicate film applied to lens surfaces to minimize reflections and enhance light passage. It enhances the clarity and brightness of screens by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when two waves meet in such a way that their amplitude levels counteract each other, resulting in a diminution or complete elimination of the combined wave. This event typically happens when the waveforms are phase-shifted by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC refers to a type of electrical flow that changes polarity, mainly utilized in power supply systems. The voltage fluctuates in a sinusoidal pattern as time progresses, enabling efficient transmission over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a miniature component used to transform direct current (DC) from a single solar panel into AC suitable for household use. It enhances system efficiency by optimizing power output at the panel level and simplifies setup and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or alternating current power, is electrical power delivered through a system where the voltage and electric current periodically reverse polarity, enabling optimized transmission over extended ranges. It is generally used in households and factories to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a kind of electrical plug used to supply DC power from a power supply to an device. It typically consists of a tube-shaped plug and socket that ensure a secure and trustworthy link for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a worldwide protection certification body that evaluates and certifies products to ensure they comply with particular security norms. It supports consumers and companies recognize reliable and secure products through strict evaluation and examination procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electrical circuits in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this configuration, the same electric current passes through all parts, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electronic circuits where components are connected between the same voltage source, offering multiple routes for current flow. This setup allows devices to operate autonomously, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode acts as a semiconductor device that permits current to pass in a single direction only, functioning as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12 volt, created to supply electrical power for various devices and attachments inside a car. It enables users to power electronic electronics or run small appliances while on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for linking peripherals to PCs, enabling information exchange and electric power. It supports a broad spectrum of hardware such as keyboards, pointer devices, external drives, and mobile phones, with various versions offering faster speeds and improved features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into electrical energy. Improving this efficiency is crucial for increasing energy generation and making solar power affordable and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to R&D in green energy and energy efficiency technologies. It focuses on breakthroughs in solar power, wind power, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to enable a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses the entire range of electromagnetic waves, extending from wireless signals to high-energy photons, all possessing varied wavelengths and power. This band is crucial to a wide array of devices and natural phenomena, enabling communication, diagnostic imaging, and insight into the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily emitted by the sun. It plays a key role in such as vitamin D production but can also result in skin harm and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color design based on alterations of a individual hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and accord. This composition approach emphasizes minimalism and grace by maintaining steady color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, generally measured in watts per square meter. It is a key parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the intensity of sunlight hitting a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a standard unit used to calculate the intensity of power or energy flow received or emitted over a specific surface, often in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in grasping the dispersion and movement of energy across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of various tones or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is commonly used to depict the distribution of light or signal frequencies in various scientific and technological areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a substantial volume of air's with fairly consistent temp and dampness features, deriving from from specific starting areas. These air masses affect weather patterns and atmospheric situations as they move across various areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the quantification of the intensity per square meter received from the Sun in the type of light. It changes with solar activity and Earth's weather systems, affecting weather patterns and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in solar energy refers to the collection of debris, and other particles on the surface of solar arrays, which reduces their efficiency. Consistent upkeep and maintenance are necessary to reduce energy decrease and guarantee best operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage represents the maximum voltage available from a power source when there is no current, spanning its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the peak electrical current that travels through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, occurs, going around the normal load. It creates a considerable safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a indicator of the maximum power output of a solar panel under perfect sunlight conditions. It indicates the panel's peak potential to generate electricity in conventional testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electrical instrument used to determine the voltage between two locations in a circuit. It is widely employed in various electrical and electronic applications to maintain proper voltage levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in photovoltaic modules where elevated voltage stress causes a notable reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to leakage current and ion movement within the solar cell materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a metalloid element crucial for plant growth and employed in multiple industrial applications, including glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It exhibits distinctive chemical properties that cause it useful in producing durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring perfect tilt and orientation for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a robust and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant harnesses sunlight using large arrays of photovoltaic panels to generate renewable electricity. It offers an eco-friendly energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated approach of using land for both solar power production and cultivation, making the most of space and resources. This method improves crop production while at the same time generating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are solar energy devices designed to harvest sunlight on both sides, improving overall energy output. They are usually installed in a way that enhances performance by utilizing albedo effect and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a installation that provides shade while creating electricity through embedded solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel setup is a group of numerous solar modules designed to produce electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in renewable energy systems to generate renewable, sustainable power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a framework that provides shade and shelter from the elements for outdoor living spaces. It enhances the functionality and look of a patio, making it a cozy area for leisure and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of celestial entities in the sky relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The compass bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise from a reference heading, typically true north, to the line between an surveyor to a point of interest. It is commonly used in routing, land measurement, and celestial observation to define the bearing of an object relative to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential bodily injuries pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a electronic material commonly employed in thin-film solar panels due to its high efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It exhibits excellent optical properties, making it a common choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An directory of photovoltaics companies features the top manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are key in driving solar energy integration and advancement across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a quantity of energy output equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, used to assess large-scale power generation production and usage. It is typically associated with electricity stations, national grids, and significant power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a worldwide leader in solar PV power solutions, expert in manufacturing thin-film solar panels that provide high efficiency and affordable power output. The organization is focused on eco-friendly renewable energy advancement and reducing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through innovative solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in effortlessly connecting various components of industrial and automation systems to boost performance and reliability. It concentrates on developing innovative solutions that promote efficient communication and compatibility among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a prominent Chinese corporation expert in the manufacturing and development of photovoltaic photovoltaic products and solutions. Renowned for state-of-the-art tech and sustainable energy initiatives within renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to 1,000,000,000 W, often used to represent the ability of large-scale electricity production or consumption. It underscores the huge energy scale involved in modern energy framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the unit cost reduces as total output rises, due to learning curve and optimization obtained over time. This effect highlights the significance of stored knowledge in cutting expenses and enhancing efficiency in manufacturing and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy transform sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This method is a clean, green energy source that aids cut down reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of creating solar or wind energy becomes equivalent to or lower than the price of purchasing power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity means that renewable energy sources are financially comparable with traditional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the standard electrical power supplied to houses and companies through a system of power lines, offering a dependable source of energy for different appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the region, and is transmitted through AC power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all elements of a solar power system except the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is crucial for securing the effective and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is harnessed from the solar radiation using photovoltaic panels to generate electricity or through solar heating systems to generate heat. It represents a green, renewable, and eco-conscious energy source that decreases dependence on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in home, commercial, and industrial sites to generate clean, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also supply remote and off-grid locations, offering renewable energy solutions where standard power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of sun-powered products features a selection of tools that capture sunlight to generate energy, supporting environmentally friendly and renewable living. These items include covering solar power banks and lights to household devices and outdoor gear, offering versatile alternatives for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar energy facility is a installation that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar modules. It is a sustainable energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics use lenses plus mirrors to focus solar radiation on high-performance photovoltaic cells, significantly enhancing power output from a smaller area. This method is particularly effective in areas with direct, strong sunlight and offers an innovative way to cut solar power costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
